Let’s go down a bit more deeply in the system, and let’s go to find kernel modules into the memory dump.


modules

To view the list of kernel drivers loaded on the system, use the modules command. This walks the doubly-linked list of LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY structures pointed to by PsLoadedModuleList.
Similar to the pslist command, this relies on finding the KDBG structure. In rare cases, you may need to use kdbgscan to find the most appropriate KDBG structure address and then supply it to this plugin like — kdbg=ADDRESS.

It cannot find hidden/unlinked kernel drivers, however modscan serves that purpose. Also, since this plugin uses list walking techniques, you typically can assume that the order the modules are displayed in the output is the order they were loaded on the system. For example, below, ntoskrnl.exe was first to load, followed by hal.dll, etc.

$ vol.py -f ~/Desktop/win7_trial_64bit.raw --profile=Win7SP0x64 modules
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4
Offset(V)          Name                 Base                             Size File
------------------ -------------------- ------------------ ------------------ ----
0xfffffa80004a11a0 ntoskrnl.exe         0xfffff8000261a000           0x5dd000 \SystemRoot\system32\ntoskrnl.exe
0xfffffa80004a10b0 hal.dll              0xfffff80002bf7000            0x49000 \SystemRoot\system32\hal.dll
0xfffffa80004a7950 kdcom.dll            0xfffff80000bb4000             0xa000 \SystemRoot\system32\kdcom.dll
0xfffffa80004a7860 mcupdate.dll         0xfffff88000c3a000            0x44000 \SystemRoot\system32\mcupdate_GenuineIntel.dll
0xfffffa80004a7780 PSHED.dll            0xfffff88000c7e000            0x14000 \SystemRoot\system32\PSHED.dll
0xfffffa80004a7690 CLFS.SYS             0xfffff88000c92000            0x5e000 \SystemRoot\system32\CLFS.SYS
0xfffffa80004a8010 CI.dll               0xfffff88000cf0000            0xc0000 \SystemRoot\system32\CI.dll
[snip]

The output shows the offset of the LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRYstructure, which is a virtual address by default but can be specified as a physical address with the -P switch as shown below. In either case, the Base column is the virtual address of the module’s base in kernel memory (where you’d expect to find the PE header).

$ vol.py -f ~/Desktop/win7_trial_64bit.raw --profile=Win7SP0x64 modules -P
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4
Offset(P)          Name                 Base                             Size File
------------------ -------------------- ------------------ ------------------ ----
0x0000000017fe01a0 ntoskrnl.exe         0xfffff8000261a000           0x5dd000 \SystemRoot\system32\ntoskrnl.exe
0x0000000017fe00b0 hal.dll              0xfffff80002bf7000            0x49000 \SystemRoot\system32\hal.dll
0x0000000017fe6950 kdcom.dll            0xfffff80000bb4000             0xa000 \SystemRoot\system32\kdcom.dll
0x0000000017fe6860 mcupdate.dll         0xfffff88000c3a000            0x44000 \SystemRoot\system32\mcupdate_GenuineIntel.dll
0x0000000017fe6780 PSHED.dll            0xfffff88000c7e000            0x14000 \SystemRoot\system32\PSHED.dll
0x0000000017fe6690 CLFS.SYS             0xfffff88000c92000            0x5e000 \SystemRoot\system32\CLFS.SYS
0x0000000017fe7010 CI.dll               0xfffff88000cf0000            0xc0000 \SystemRoot\system32\CI.dll
[snip]

modscan

The modscan command finds LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRYstructures by scanning physical memory for pool tags. This can pick up previously unloaded drivers and drivers that have been hidden/unlinked by rootkits. Unlike modules the order of results has no relationship with the order in which the drivers loaded. As you can see below, DumpIt.sys was found at the lowest physical offset, but it was probably one of the last drivers to load (since it was used to acquire memory).

$ vol.py -f ~/Desktop/win7_trial_64bit.raw --profile=Win7SP0x64 modscan
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4
Offset(P)          Name                 Base                             Size File
------------------ -------------------- ------------------ ------------------ ----
0x00000000173b90b0 DumpIt.sys           0xfffff88003980000            0x11000 \??\C:\Windows\SysWOW64\Drivers\DumpIt.sys
0x000000001745b180 mouhid.sys           0xfffff880037e9000             0xd000 \SystemRoot\system32\DRIVERS\mouhid.sys
0x0000000017473010 lltdio.sys           0xfffff88002585000            0x15000 \SystemRoot\system32\DRIVERS\lltdio.sys
0x000000001747f010 rspndr.sys           0xfffff8800259a000            0x18000 \SystemRoot\system32\DRIVERS\rspndr.sys
0x00000000174cac40 dxg.sys              0xfffff96000440000            0x1e000 \SystemRoot\System32\drivers\dxg.sys
0x0000000017600190 monitor.sys          0xfffff8800360c000             0xe000 \SystemRoot\system32\DRIVERS\monitor.sys
0x0000000017601170 HIDPARSE.SYS         0xfffff880037de000             0x9000 \SystemRoot\system32\DRIVERS\HIDPARSE.SYS
0x0000000017604180 USBD.SYS             0xfffff880037e7000             0x2000 \SystemRoot\system32\DRIVERS\USBD.SYS
0x0000000017611d70 cdrom.sys            0xfffff88001944000            0x2a000 \SystemRoot\system32\DRIVERS\cdrom.sys
[snip]

moddump

To extract a kernel driver to a file, use the moddump command. Supply the output directory with -D or — dump-dir=DIR. Without any additional parameters, all drivers identified by modlist will be dumped. If you want a specific driver, supply a regular expression of the driver’s name with — regex=REGEX or the module’s base address with — base=BASE.

$ vol.py -f ~/Desktop/win7_trial_64bit.raw --profile=Win7SP0x64 moddump -D drivers/
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4
Module Base        Module Name          Result
------------------ -------------------- ------
0xfffff8000261a000 ntoskrnl.exe         OK: driver.fffff8000261a000.sys
0xfffff80002bf7000 hal.dll              OK: driver.fffff80002bf7000.sys
0xfffff88000e5c000 intelide.sys         OK: driver.fffff88000e5c000.sys
0xfffff8800349b000 mouclass.sys         OK: driver.fffff8800349b000.sys
0xfffff88000f7c000 msisadrv.sys         OK: driver.fffff88000f7c000.sys
0xfffff880035c3000 ndistapi.sys         OK: driver.fffff880035c3000.sys
0xfffff88002c5d000 pacer.sys            OK: driver.fffff88002c5d000.sys
[snip]

For more information:

Similar to dlldump, if critical parts of the PE header are not memory resident, then rebuilding/extracting the driver may fail. Additionally, for drivers that are mapped in different sessions (like win32k.sys), there is currently no way to specify which session to use when acquiring the driver sample.


ssdt

To list the functions in the Native and GUI SSDTs, use the ssdt command. This displays the index, function name, and owning driver for each entry in the SSDT. Please note the following:

  • Windows has 4 SSDTs by default (you can add more with KeAddSystemServiceTable), but only 2 of them are used — one for Native functions in the NT module, and one for GUI functions in the win32k.sys module.
  • There are multiple ways to locate the SSDTs in memory. Most tools do it by finding the exported KeServiceDescriptorTable symbol in the NT module, but this is not the way Volatility works.
  • For x86 systems, Volatility scans for ETHREAD objects and gathers all unique ETHREAD.Tcb.ServiceTable pointers. This method is more robust and complete, because it can detect when rootkits make copies of the existing SSDTs and assign them to particular threads. Also see the threads command.
  • For x64 systems (which do not have an ETHREAD.Tcb.ServiceTable member) Volatility disassembles code in ntKeAddSystemServiceTable and finds its references to the KeServiceDescriptorTable and KeServiceDescriptorTableShadow symbols.
  • The order and total number of functions in the SSDTs differ across operating system versions. Thus, Volatility stores the information in a per-profile (OS) dictionary which is auto-generated and cross-referenced using the ntoskrnl.exe, ntdll.dll, win32k.sys, user32.dll and gdi32.dll modules from the respective systems.
$ vol.py -f ~/Desktop/win7_trial_64bit.raw --profile=Win7SP0x64 ssdt
    Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4
    [x64] Gathering all referenced SSDTs from KeAddSystemServiceTable...
    Finding appropriate address space for tables...
    SSDT[0] at fffff8000268cb00 with 401 entries
      Entry 0x0000: 0xfffff80002a9d190 (NtMapUserPhysicalPagesScatter) owned by ntoskrnl.exe
      Entry 0x0001: 0xfffff80002983a00 (NtWaitForSingleObject) owned by ntoskrnl.exe
      Entry 0x0002: 0xfffff80002683dd0 (NtCallbackReturn) owned by ntoskrnl.exe
      Entry 0x0003: 0xfffff800029a6b10 (NtReadFile) owned by ntoskrnl.exe
      Entry 0x0004: 0xfffff800029a4bb0 (NtDeviceIoControlFile) owned by ntoskrnl.exe
      Entry 0x0005: 0xfffff8000299fee0 (NtWriteFile) owned by ntoskrnl.exe
      Entry 0x0006: 0xfffff80002945dc0 (NtRemoveIoCompletion) owned by ntoskrnl.exe
      Entry 0x0007: 0xfffff80002942f10 (NtReleaseSemaphore) owned by ntoskrnl.exe
      Entry 0x0008: 0xfffff8000299ada0 (NtReplyWaitReceivePort) owned by ntoskrnl.exe
      Entry 0x0009: 0xfffff80002a6ce20 (NtReplyPort) owned by ntoskrnl.exe
    
    [snip]
    
    SSDT[1] at fffff96000101c00 with 827 entries
      Entry 0x1000: 0xfffff960000f5580 (NtUserGetThreadState) owned by win32k.sys
      Entry 0x1001: 0xfffff960000f2630 (NtUserPeekMessage) owned by win32k.sys
      Entry 0x1002: 0xfffff96000103c6c (NtUserCallOneParam) owned by win32k.sys
      Entry 0x1003: 0xfffff96000111dd0 (NtUserGetKeyState) owned by win32k.sys
      Entry 0x1004: 0xfffff9600010b1ac (NtUserInvalidateRect) owned by win32k.sys
      Entry 0x1005: 0xfffff96000103e70 (NtUserCallNoParam) owned by win32k.sys
      Entry 0x1006: 0xfffff960000fb5a0 (NtUserGetMessage) owned by win32k.sys
      Entry 0x1007: 0xfffff960000dfbec (NtUserMessageCall) owned by win32k.sys
      Entry 0x1008: 0xfffff960001056c4 (NtGdiBitBlt) owned by win32k.sys
      Entry 0x1009: 0xfffff960001fd750 (NtGdiGetCharSet) owned by win32k.sys

For more information:

To filter all functions which point to ntoskrnl.exe and win32k.sys, you can use egrep on command-line. This will only show hooked SSDT functions.

$ vol.py -f ~/Desktop/win7_trial_64bit.raw --profile=Win7SP0x64 ssdt | egrep -v '(ntos|win32k)'

Note that the NT module on your system may be ntkrnlpa.exe or ntkrnlmp.exe — so check that before using egrep of you’ll be filtering the wrong module name. Also be aware that this isn’t a hardened technique for finding hooks, as malware can load a driver named win32ktesting.sys and bypass your filter.


driverscan

To find DRIVER_OBJECTs in physical memory using pool tag scanning, use the driverscan command. This is another way to locate kernel modules, although not all kernel modules have an associated DRIVER_OBJECT. The DRIVER_OBJECT is what contains the 28 IRP (Major Function) tables, thus the driverirp command is based on the methodology used by driverscan.

$ vol.py -f ~/Desktop/win7_trial_64bit.raw --profile=Win7SP0x64 driverscan
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4
Offset(P)          #Ptr #Hnd Start                            Size Service Key          Name         Driver Name
------------------ ---- ---- ------------------ ------------------ -------------------- ------------ -----------
0x00000000174c6350    3    0 0xfffff880037e9000             0xd000 mouhid               mouhid       \Driver\mouhid
0x0000000017660cb0    3    0 0xfffff8800259a000            0x18000 rspndr               rspndr       \Driver\rspndr
0x0000000017663e70    3    0 0xfffff88002585000            0x15000 lltdio               lltdio       \Driver\lltdio
0x0000000017691d70    3    0 0xfffff88001944000            0x2a000 cdrom                cdrom        \Driver\cdrom
0x0000000017692a50    3    0 0xfffff8800196e000             0x9000 Null                 Null         \Driver\Null
0x0000000017695e70    3    0 0xfffff88001977000             0x7000 Beep                 Beep         \Driver\Beep
0x00000000176965c0    3    0 0xfffff8800197e000             0xe000 VgaSave              VgaSave      \Driver\VgaSave
0x000000001769fb00    4    0 0xfffff880019c1000             0x9000 RDPCDD               RDPCDD       \Driver\RDPCDD
0x00000000176a1720    3    0 0xfffff880019ca000             0x9000 RDPENCDD             RDPENCDD     \Driver\RDPENCDD
0x00000000176a2230    3    0 0xfffff880019d3000             0x9000 RDPREFMP             RDPREFMP     \Driver\RDPREFMP
[snip]

For more information:


filescan

To find FILE_OBJECTs in physical memory using pool tag scanning, use the filescan command. This will find open files even if a rootkit is hiding the files on disk and if the rootkit hooks some API functions to hide the open handles on a live system. The output shows the physical offset of the FILE_OBJECT, file name, number of pointers to the object, number of handles to the object, and the effective permissions granted to the object.

$ vol.py -f ~/Desktop/win7_trial_64bit.raw --profile=Win7SP0x64 filescan
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4
Offset(P)            #Ptr   #Hnd Access Name
------------------ ------ ------ ------ ----
0x000000000126f3a0     14      0 R--r-d \Windows\System32\mswsock.dll
0x000000000126fdc0     11      0 R--r-d \Windows\System32\ssdpsrv.dll
0x000000000468f7e0      6      0 R--r-d \Windows\System32\cryptsp.dll
0x000000000468fdc0     16      0 R--r-d \Windows\System32\Apphlpdm.dll
0x00000000048223a0      1      1 ------ \Endpoint
0x0000000004822a30     16      0 R--r-d \Windows\System32\kerberos.dll
0x0000000004906070     13      0 R--r-d \Windows\System32\wbem\repdrvfs.dll
0x0000000004906580      9      0 R--r-d \Windows\SysWOW64\netprofm.dll
0x0000000004906bf0      9      0 R--r-d \Windows\System32\wbem\wmiutils.dll
0x00000000049ce8e0      2      1 R--rwd \$Extend\$ObjId
0x00000000049cedd0      1      1 R--r-d \Windows\System32\en-US\vsstrace.dll.mui
0x0000000004a71070     17      1 R--r-d \Windows\System32\en-US\pnidui.dll.mui
0x0000000004a71440     11      0 R--r-d \Windows\System32\nci.dll
0x0000000004a719c0      1      1 ------ \srvsvc
[snip]

For more information


mutantscan

To scan physical memory for KMUTANT objects with pool tag scanning, use the mutantscan command. By default, it displays all objects, but you can pass -s or — silent to only show named mutexes. The CID column contains the process ID and thread ID of the mutex owner if one exists.

$ vol.py -f ~/Desktop/win7_trial_64bit.raw --profile=Win7SP0x64 mutantscan --silent
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4
Offset(P)          #Ptr #Hnd Signal Thread                   CID Name
------------------ ---- ---- ------ ------------------ --------- ----
0x000000000f702630    2    1      1 0x0000000000000000           {A3BD3259-3E4F-428a-84C8-F0463A9D3EB5}
0x00000000102fd930    2    1      1 0x0000000000000000           Feed Arbitration Shared Memory Mutex [ User : S-1-5-21-2628989162-3383567662-1028919141-1000 ]
0x00000000104e5e60    3    2      1 0x0000000000000000           ZoneAttributeCacheCounterMutex
0x0000000010c29e40    2    1      1 0x0000000000000000           _MSFTHISTORY_LOW_
0x0000000013035080    2    1      1 0x0000000000000000           c:userstestingappdatalocalmicrosoftfeeds cache
0x000000001722dfc0    2    1      1 0x0000000000000000           c:userstestingappdataroamingmicrosoftwindowsietldcachelow
0x00000000172497f0    2    1      1 0x0000000000000000           LRIEElevationPolicyMutex
0x000000001724bfc0    3    2      1 0x0000000000000000           BrowserEmulationSharedMemoryMutex
0x000000001724f400    2    1      1 0x0000000000000000           c:userstestingappdatalocalmicrosoftwindowshistorylowhistory.ie5mshist012012022220120223
0x000000001724f4c0    4    3      1 0x0000000000000000           _SHMSFTHISTORY_
0x00000000172517c0    2    1      1 0x0000000000000000           __DDrawExclMode__
0x00000000172783a0    2    1      1 0x0000000000000000           Lowhttp://sourceforge.net/
0x00000000172db840    4    3      1 0x0000000000000000           ConnHashTable<1892>_HashTable_Mutex
0x00000000172de1d0    2    1      1 0x0000000000000000           Feeds Store Mutex S-1-5-21-2628989162-3383567662-1028919141-1000
0x00000000173b8080    2    1      1 0x0000000000000000           DDrawDriverObjectListMutex
0x00000000173bd340    2    1      0 0xfffffa8000a216d0 1652:2000 ALTTAB_RUNNING_MUTEX
0x0000000017449c40    2    1      1 0x0000000000000000           DDrawWindowListMutex
[snip]

For more information:


symlinkscan

This plugin scans for symbolic link objects and outputs their information. In the past, this has been used to link drive letters (i.e. D:, E:, F:, etc) to true crypt volumes (i.e. \Device\TrueCryptVolume).

$ vol.py -f ~/Desktop/win7_trial_64bit.raw --profile=Win7SP0x64 symlinkscan
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4
Offset(P)            #Ptr   #Hnd Creation time            From                 To                                                          
------------------ ------ ------ ------------------------ -------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
0x0000000000469780      1      0 2012-02-22 20:03:13      UMB#UMB#1...e1ba19f} \Device\00000048                                            
0x0000000000754560      1      0 2012-02-22 20:03:15      ASYNCMAC             \Device\ASYNCMAC                                            
0x0000000000ef6cf0      2      1 2012-02-22 19:58:24      0                    \BaseNamedObjects                                           
0x00000000014b2a10      1      0 2012-02-22 20:02:10      LanmanRedirector     \Device\Mup\;LanmanRedirector                               
0x00000000053e56f0      1      0 2012-02-22 20:03:15      SW#{eeab7...abac361} \Device\KSENUM#00000001                                     
0x0000000005cc0770      1      0 2012-02-22 19:58:20      WanArpV6             \Device\WANARPV6                                            
0x0000000005cc0820      1      0 2012-02-22 19:58:20      WanArp               \Device\WANARP                                              
0x0000000008ffa680      1      0 2012-02-22 19:58:24      Global               \BaseNamedObjects                                           
0x0000000009594810      1      0 2012-02-22 19:58:24      KnownDllPath         C:\Windows\syswow64                                         
0x000000000968f5f0      1      0 2012-02-22 19:58:23      KnownDllPath         C:\Windows\system32                                         
0x000000000ab24060      1      0 2012-02-22 19:58:20      Volume{3b...f6e6963} \Device\CdRom0                                              
0x000000000ab24220      1      0 2012-02-22 19:58:21      {EE0434CC...863ACC2} \Device\NDMP2                                               
0x000000000abd3460      1      0 2012-02-22 19:58:21      ACPI#PNP0...91405dd} \Device\00000041                                            
0x000000000abd36f0      1      0 2012-02-22 19:58:21      {802389A0...A90C31A} \Device\NDMP3 
[snip]

For more information:

thrdscan

To find ETHREAD objects in physical memory with pool tag scanning, use the thrdscan command. Since an ETHREAD contains fields that identify its parent process, you can use this technique to find hidden processes. One such use case is documented in the psxview command. Also, for verbose details, try the threads plugin.

$ vol.py -f ~/Desktop/win7_trial_64bit.raw --profile=Win7SP0x64 thrdscan
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4
Offset(P)             PID    TID      Start Address Create Time               Exit Time                
------------------ ------ ------ ------------------ ------------------------- -------------------------
0x0000000008df68d0    280    392         0x77943260 2012-02-22 19:08:18                                
0x000000000eac3850   2040    144         0x76d73260 2012-02-22 11:28:59       2012-02-22 11:29:04      
0x000000000fd82590    880   1944         0x76d73260 2012-02-22 20:02:29       2012-02-22 20:02:29      
0x00000000103d15f0    880    884         0x76d73260 2012-02-22 19:58:43                                
0x00000000103e5480   1652   1788 0xfffff8a0010ed490 2012-02-22 20:03:44                                
0x00000000105a3940    916    324         0x76d73260 2012-02-22 20:02:07       2012-02-22 20:02:09      
0x00000000105b3560    816    824         0x76d73260 2012-02-22 19:58:42                                
0x00000000106d1710    916   1228         0x76d73260 2012-02-22 20:02:11                                
0x0000000010a349a0    816    820         0x76d73260 2012-02-22 19:58:41                                
0x0000000010bd1060   1892   2280         0x76d73260 2012-02-22 11:26:13                                
0x0000000010f24230    628    660         0x76d73260 2012-02-22 19:58:34                                
0x0000000010f27060    568    648 0xfffff8a0017c6650 2012-02-22 19:58:34
[snip]

dumpfiles

An important concept that every computer scientist, especially those who have spent time doing operating system research, is intimately familiar with is that of caching. Files are cached in memory for system performance as they are accessed and used. This makes the cache a valuable source from a forensic perspective since we are able to retrieve files that were in use correctly, instead of file carving which does not make use of how items are mapped in memory. Files may not be completely mapped in memory (also for performance), so missing sections are zero padded. Files dumped from memory can then be processed with external tools.

For more information:

There are several options in the dumpfiles plugin, for example:

-r REGEX, --regex=REGEX
                        Dump files matching REGEX
  -i, --ignore-case     Ignore case in pattern match
  -o OFFSET, --offset=OFFSET
                        Dump files for Process with physical address OFFSET
  -Q PHYSOFFSET, --physoffset=PHYSOFFSET
                        Dump File Object at physical address PHYSOFFSET
  -D DUMP_DIR, --dump-dir=DUMP_DIR
                        Directory in which to dump extracted files
  -S SUMMARY_FILE, --summary-file=SUMMARY_FILE
                        File where to store summary information
  -p PID, --pid=PID     Operate on these Process IDs (comma-separated)
  -n, --name            Include extracted filename in output file path
  -u, --unsafe          Relax safety constraints for more data
  -F FILTER, --filter=FILTER
                        Filters to apply (comma-separated)

By default, dumpfiles iterates through the VAD and extracts all files that are mapped as DataSectionObject, ImageSectionObject or SharedCacheMap. As an investigator, however, you may want to perform a more targeted search. You can use the -r and -i flags to specify a case-insensitive regex of a filename. In the output below, you can see where the file was dumped from (DataSectionObject, ImageSectionObject or SharedCacheMap), the offset of the _FILE_OBJECT, the PID of the process whose VAD contained the file and the file path on disk:

$ vol.py -f mebromi.raw dumpfiles -D output/ -r evt$ -i -S summary.txt
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4
DataSectionObject 0x81ed6240   684    \Device\HarddiskVolume1\WINDOWS\system32\config\AppEvent.Evt
SharedCacheMap 0x81ed6240   684    \Device\HarddiskVolume1\WINDOWS\system32\config\AppEvent.Evt
DataSectionObject 0x8217beb0   684    \Device\HarddiskVolume1\WINDOWS\system32\config\SecEvent.Evt
DataSectionObject 0x8217bd78   684    \Device\HarddiskVolume1\WINDOWS\system32\config\SysEvent.Evt
SharedCacheMap 0x8217bd78   684    \Device\HarddiskVolume1\WINDOWS\system32\config\SysEvent.Evt
$ ls output/
file.684.0x81fc6ed0.vacb    file.684.0x82256a48.dat     file.684.0x82256e48.dat     file.None.0x82339cd8.vacb
file.684.0x8217b720.vacb    file.684.0x82256c50.dat     file.None.0x82339c70.dat

The dumped filename is in the format of:

file.[PID].[OFFSET].ext

The OFFSET is the offset of the SharedCacheMap or the _CONTROL_AREA, not the _FILE_OBJECT.

The extension (EXT) can be:

  • img — ImageSectionObject
  • dat — DataSectionObject
  • vacb — SharedCacheMap

You can look at the -S/--summary-file in order to map the file back to its original filename:

{"name": "\\Device\\HarddiskVolume1\\WINDOWS\\system32\\config\\AppEvent.Evt", "ofpath": "dumpfiles/file.684.0x82256e48.dat", "pid": 684,...

You can also use the parsesummary.py script to parse out the json output of the summary file. The following shows an example of using this script. In addition to the original file name, PID of the process that had the file open and size, you can see which pages were present and which pages were missing and padded with zeros in the parsed summary output:

$ vol.py -f grrcon.img dumpfiles --summary=grrcon_summary.json -D output/ 
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4
$ python parsesummary.py grrcon_summary.json |less
[snip]
File: \Device\HarddiskVolume1\Documents and Settings\administrator\NTUSER.DAT -> output/file.4.0x82245008.vacb
        PID: 4
        _FILE_OBJECT offset: 0x821cd9e8
        Type: SharedCacheMap
        Size: 262144
        Present Pages:
                Offset(V): 0xde5c0000, Length: 4096
                Offset(V): 0xde5c1000, Length: 4096
                Offset(V): 0xde5c2000, Length: 4096
                Offset(V): 0xde5c3000, Length: 4096
[snip]
        Padding:
                FileOffset: 0xde62e000 x 0x1000
                FileOffset: 0xde62f000 x 0x1000
                FileOffset: 0xde630000 x 0x1000
                FileOffset: 0xde631000 x 0x1000
                FileOffset: 0xde632000 x 0x1000
[snip]

Or you can use the -n/--name option in order to dump file the files with the original filename.

Not every file will be currently active or in the VAD, and such files will not be dumped when using the -r/--regex option. For these files you can first scan for a _FILE_OBJECT and then use the -Q/--physoffset flag to extract the file. Special NTFS files are examples of files that must be dumped specifically:

$ vol.py -f mebromi.raw filescan |grep -i mft
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4
0x02410900      3      0 RWD--- \Device\HarddiskVolume1\$Mft
0x02539e30      3      0 RWD--- \Device\HarddiskVolume1\$Mft
0x025ac868      3      0 RWD--- \Device\HarddiskVolume1\$MftMirr
$ vol.py -f mebromi.raw dumpfiles -D output/ -Q 0x02539e30
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4
DataSectionObject 0x02539e30   None   \Device\HarddiskVolume1\$Mft
SharedCacheMap 0x02539e30   None   \Device\HarddiskVolume1\$Mft

The -f/--filter option allows you to specify which view of the file you would like to dump (DataSectionObject, ImageSectionObject or SharedCacheMap). For example, if you wanted to only see the state information for an executable file, you could specify --filter=ImageSectionObject.


unloadedmodules

Windows stores information on recently unloaded drivers for debugging purposes. This gives you an alternative way to determine what happened on a system, besides the well known modules and modscan plugins.

$ vol.py -f win7_trial_64bit.raw unloadedmodules --profile=Win7SP0x64
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.4
Name                 StartAddress       EndAddress         Time
-------------------- ------------------ ------------------ ----
dump_dumpfve.sys     0xfffff88001931000 0xfffff88001944000 2012-02-22 19:58:21 
dump_atapi.sys       0xfffff88001928000 0xfffff88001931000 2012-02-22 19:58:21 
dump_ataport.sys     0xfffff8800191c000 0xfffff88001928000 2012-02-22 19:58:21 
crashdmp.sys         0xfffff8800190e000 0xfffff8800191c000 2012-02-22 19:58:21